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What Is a VPN?

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Simon Migliano Head of Research at Top10VPN
Simon Migliano
15 comments

Simon is a recognized world expert in VPNs. He's tested hundreds of VPN services and his research has featured on the BBC, The New York Times, CNet and more. Read full bio

  1. Top10VPN logo
  2. What Is a VPN?

A virtual private network (VPN) is software that protects your internet privacy, security, and freedom. The software establishes a secure tunnel between your device and a remote VPN server, creating a private network inside a public connection.

The ExpressVPN Windows application

The ExpressVPN Windows application.

VPN stands for Virtual Private Network. It’s computer and mobile software that achieves three key benefits when you connect to the internet: stronger security, improved privacy, and greater freedom.

When you connect to the internet using a virtual private network, the software creates a secure connection between your device and a remote VPN server.

A VPN encrypts your web browsing data and hides your public IP address.

Good personal VPN services (not to be confused with business/corporate VPNs) let you access free public WiFi securely, unblock geo-restricted websites and applications, and mask your internet traffic by hiding your IP address.

The three key advantages of using a VPN are:

  1. Masking your IP address to hide/change your location from the websites you visit.
  2. Encrypting your web traffic to protect your data transfers on insecure WiFi networks.
  3. Preventing your ISP and other third-parties from monitoring your internet activity.

VPN services aren’t just for computers or laptops. You can also install a VPN application on your smartphone and tablet. The best VPNs even work on smart TVs, games consoles, and routers, too.

In this beginner’s guide to virtual private networks, we explain in detail what a VPN is, how it works, and why you need one.

We’ll also cover the advantages and disadvantages of VPNs, how much they cost, and what you need to look out for when choosing a safe VPN service.

What Is A VPN: Video Explainer

To help you understand the basics of VPN software, we created a short video explaining what a VPN is and how it works:

If you’re still unsure about how a VPN works after watching the video above, keep reading this guide or ask us a question in the comments section at the bottom of the page.

Have a specific question about VPNs? Here are all the articles in this introductory course:

Why Do You Need a VPN?

Man hiding his IP address.

A good-quality VPN has many purposes related to internet privacy, security, safety, anonymity, and freedom.

In 2020, we collaborated with GlobalWebIndex to interview VPN users around the world and find out why they used a VPN. The common reasons to use a VPN are:

  1. To protect privacy on public WiFi networks (51%)
  2. To browse the web anonymously (44%)
  3. To communicate more securely (37%)
  4. To access restricted download/stream/torrent sites (23%)
  5. To access better entertainment content (22%)

These are the most popular, but they are certainly not the only reasons you need to be using a virtual private network.

LEARN MORE: For an in-depth look at everything you can do with a VPN, read our ‘What Is a VPN Used For?’ guide.

How Do VPNs Work?

A VPN works by creating an encrypted connection between your device and a private VPN server. This connection is known as the VPN tunnel.

How a VPN works

VPNs create an encrypted tunnel between your device and a remote server.

By encrypting your data and sending it through a tunnel, the VPN prevents internet service providers (ISPs), governments, and hackers from spying on your online activity.

Once your traffic reaches the VPN server, it is decrypted and sent on to the website or app you’re using. This has the effect of hiding your IP address because the connection is being relayed from the VPN server’s location, and not your location.

In short, a VPN encrypts your traffic data and replaces your IP address with the IP address of the server you’re connected to.

LEARN MORE: For a more technical look at VPNs, read our full guide to how VPNs work or take an in-depth look at the different VPN protocols.

Mobile VPNs

VPN applications are available on desktops, smartphones, and basically any device you can think of.

Mobile VPNs work on both WiFi and cellular data (e.g. 4G), but you will need an existing internet connection for the service to connect. (In other words, you can’t use a VPN without the internet.)

Once connected, all your phone’s internet activity will be encrypted and routed through the VPN server. Your IP address will also change. You can learn more about mobile VPNs in our guide to VPN types.

Two things to be aware of with mobile VPNs are:

  1. VPNs only protect data sent over the internet. Standard voice calls and SMS text messages are not encrypted. Use WiFi-based calling and messaging services, such as WhatsApp or iMessage, to secure your communications.
  2. Mobile VPNs use data. Reports stating that using a mobile VPN bypasses your phone contract’s data limit are wrong. Our research on VPN data use shows that a VPN uses 4-20% more data than not using a VPN, so you’ll reach your data limit sooner.

Are VPNs Safe?

Fixing a leaking VPN server

A virtual private network is an essential cybersecurity tool in 2022, with data theft, mass surveillance, and internet censorship on the rise globally.

But is a VPN always safe to use? The short answer is no.

While there are many legitimate and safe VPN services around, there are also a large number of dangerous VPN products you need to avoid.

Downloading an unsafe VPN can put you at risk of malware, hacking, identity theft, legal action and more.

The most common offenders are free VPNs. Our free VPN safety investigations have exposed shady companies operating dangerous free VPN apps to steal users’ personal information and monitor their online activity.

Even paid-for VPNs can be unsafe to use if you’re not aware of a few important concepts:

VPN Logging Policies: If your VPN service keeps a record of who you are, when you connect to its servers, and which websites you visit, it is a threat to your privacy. This information could be exposed or governments could force the VPN to hand it over. For maximum safety, you need to use a verified, no-logs VPN service. You can read more about logging policies in our VPN logs guide.

VPN Leaks: The purpose of a VPN is to hide your IP address and keep your online activity private and secure. A VPN app that leaks your IP and DNS information is not doing its job, and you shouldn’t use it. Use our VPN leak test tool to check whether your service is leaking, or test your DNS servers directly. You can also review our research into which VPNs leak.

VPN Laws: VPNs aren’t legal to use everywhere in the world. In some countries – including China, Belarus and Russia – using a VPN is either illegal or severely restricted. For a complete overview of VPN laws around the world, read our report on where VPNs are legal and illegal.

VPN Jurisdictions: Different countries have different approaches when it comes to the privacy of their citizens’ data. Governments in the Five Eyes alliance, for example, impose strict data retention laws and regularly force companies to hand over records of user activity. Your safest option is to use a VPN based in a privacy-friendly country. Learn more about the Five Eyes alliance and privacy-friendly countries in our VPN jurisdictions guide.

Virtual Server Locations: The location of the VPN server you connect to can also be important for privacy and safety. Many VPN services use ‘virtual server locations’, where the advertised IP address doesn’t match the server’s physical location. Our VPN server security guide covers everything you need to know about virtual server locations, rented VPN servers, and more.

How Much Do VPNs Cost?

A safe, premium VPN costs anywhere from roughly $2 a month to $12 a month.

The price of a VPN depends on a number of factors, including which VPN service you choose and how long you’re willing to subscribe for. You usually have to pay for the entire subscription up front.

Surfshark's pricing options

Surfshark is one of the best value for money VPNs, at just $2.30 a month.

A higher price doesn’t always indicate better quality, though. Do your research to find the best VPN for your needs (e.g. streaming, torrenting, traveling etc.) at a price that fits your budget.

Our guide on VPN costs is a good place to start. It includes a VPN price comparison table summarizing how much VPNs cost, and which represent good value for money.

Are There Disadvantages to Using a VPN?

The main disadvantages of using a VPN come from not understanding its limitations.

A VPN isn’t a catch-all solution for all your online privacy and security issues.

For example, a VPN can’t guarantee you absolute anonymity, most VPNs can’t protect you against malware, and many struggle to beat strict geo-restrictions.

Moreover, using a VPN will almost always slow down your internet speeds and increase your data consumption.

LEARN MORE: Read our guide to VPN disadvantages for an overview of VPN software’s ten most important limitations.

What Is the Best VPN?

Since 2016, we’ve tested and reviewed many VPN applications, and currently our top-rated service is ExpressVPN.

Every time we test and review ExpressVPN we verify that it’s still very fast, secure and works well for streaming, torrenting and gaming.

The simple truth, however, is that there is no definitive ‘best’ VPN.

While ExpressVPN is our highest-rated VPN, it may not be the right VPN for you. That depends entirely on what you want a VPN for. For example:

  • Are you trying to stream foreign Netflix libraries?
  • Do you want to stay safe on public WiFi networks?
  • What device will you be using the VPN on?

LEARN MORE: Every VPN comes with strengths and weaknesses. For an overview of which services we recommend in each category, see our list of the best VPNs of 2022.

About the Author

  • Simon Migliano Head of Research at Top10VPN

    Simon Migliano

    Simon is a recognized world expert in VPNs. He's tested hundreds of VPN services and his research has featured on the BBC, The New York Times, CNet and more. Read full bio